Project-Based Learning (PjBL) Based on Event Simulation to Overcome Speech Errors in Students’ Speaking Skills Learning
Keywords:
speech error, speaking skills, Project-Based Learning, event simulationAbstract
Speaking skills constitute a core competence in Indonesian language learning within higher education. However, many students still encounter speech errors—disruptions in speech that hinder communicative fluency. This study aims to: (1) describe the types of speech errors made by students during event simulation activities; (2) explain the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model within these simulations; and (3) analyze students' perceptions regarding the use of PjBL to overcome speech errors. A descriptive qualitative approach with case study characteristics was employed. Data were derived from video transcriptions of event simulations, supplemented by interviews and questionnaires. Data validity was ensured through method triangulation. The speech error analysis was based on Clark and Clark’s theory, encompassing filled pauses, repetitions, false starts, and corrections. The results indicated that filled pauses (27 cases) and repetitions (25 cases) were the most dominant types of speech errors out of the 81 total cases identified. The implementation of PjBL through six stages proved to provide authentic communicative experiences and progressively enhance students' speaking skills. Furthermore, student perceptions were positive; they reported feeling more confident and capable of correcting speaking errors through continuous practice and reflection.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abed, T. B. B. (2019). The implementation of jigsaw as a cooperative learning strategy to improve Birzeit University EFL students’ reading comprehension. Ricerche Di Pedagogia E Didattica. Journal of Theories and Research in Education, 14(3), 269–304. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1970-2221/9430
Beckett, G. H., & Slater, T. (2005). The project framework: A tool for language, content, and skills integration. ELT Journal, 59(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1093/eltj/cci016
Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (2nd ed.). Longman.
Bryce, T. G. K., & Blown, E. J. (2023). Ausubel’s meaningful learning re-visited. Current Psychology, 43(5), 4579-4598.
Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, Conducting, And Evaluating Quantitative And Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Pearson Education.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The 'what' and 'why' of goal pursuits: Human Needs And The Self-Determination Of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
Denzin, N. K. (2009). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. AldineTransaction. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. Macmillan.
Fromkin, V. A. (Ed.). (1980). Errors In Linguistic Performance: Slips Of The Tongue, Ear, Pen, And Hand. Academic Press.
Gormley, A. (2014). Acoustic Evidence for Phonologically Mismatched Speech Errors. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 44(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10936-013-9282-2
Hamidah, Hasanatul, et al. (2020). HOTS-Oriented Module:Project-Based Learning. SEAMEO QITEP in Language :Jakarta Selatan
He, T. (2024). Strategies for Spoken Error Correction In English Classroom. Frontiers in Sustainable Development, 4(6), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.54691/txe5as98
Hilario, E. Cabanillas. (2023). The Impact Of Interdisciplinary Project Based Learning On Young Learners’ Speaking Results. Porta Linguarum. An International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Learning, (39), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.vi39.22864
Horwtiz, Elaine, Tallon, Michael & Luo, Han (2010). Foreign Language Anxiety. In Cassady, Jerrell, C. (ed.), Anxiety in schools: the causes, consequences, and solutions for academic anxiety (pp. 96-118). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Holm, M. (2011). Project-Based Instruction: A Review Of The Literature On Effectiveness In Prekindergarten Through 12th Grade Classrooms. InSight: Rivier Academic Journal, 7(2), 1–13. https://www2.rivier.edu/journal/roaj-fall-2011/j575-project-based-instruction-holm.pdf
Lickley, R. J. (2015). Fluency and Disfluency. 445–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584156.CH20
Maharani, I., Asnawi, A., Safitri, F., & Fauziah, A. (2025). Kesalahan Berbahasa Pada Tataran Fonologi dalam makalah 'Manajemen Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia (Pelatihan dan Karier).' Jurnal Vokatif, 2(2), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.51574/vokatif.v2i2.3399
Morris, T. (2020). Experiential learning – A Systematic Review And Revision Of Kolb’s Model. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(8), 1064–1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1570279
Nurgiyantoro, B. (2016). Penilaian Pembelajaran Bahasa Berbasis Kompetensi (2nd ed.). BPFE.
Sanni, B. T., Rini, N. M. B. D., Irawan, A. D., & Arum, D. P. (2024). Analisis kesalahan berbahasa pada website Siamik UPN 'Veteran' Jawa Timur. Jurnal Pendidikan West Science, 2(02), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.58812/jpdws.v2i02.1048
Syahfutra, W., Wibowo, A. P., Ardiya, & Febtiningsih, P. (2019). Students’ Perceptions and Challenges in Improving Speaking Ability in Public and Private University. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.2991/ICCELST-SS-19.2019.14
Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (2007). Consumer behavior (9th ed.). Pearson Education.
Tarigan, H. G. (2008). Berbicara sebagai suatu keterampilan berbahasa. Angkasa.
Thomas, J. W. (2000). A review of research on project-based learning. Autodesk Foundation.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wahyuni, W., Sudika, I. N., Susanti, P. A., Pratama, J. R., Nazir, Y. N., & Rizkia, S. (2024). Speech Act Strategies of Prospective Indonesian Language Teacher Students in Academic Presentations: a Pragmatic Perspective. JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan). DOI: http://10.36312/jisip.v10i1.10297
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Zhu, Q., & Liu, B. (2018). A Study of Categorization and Causes of Speech Errors. ACM Transactions in Embedded Computing Systems, 3(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/J.TECS.20180301.11
