PROTECTION OF MUSLIM CONSUMERS IN HALAL CERTIFICATION CLAUSES WITHIN INDONESIA–UNITED STATES BUSINESS AGREEMENTS (BOARD OF PEACE): A MAQĀṢID AL-SHARĪ‘AH PERSPECTIVE
Keywords:
muslim consumers; board of peace; halal certification; maqāṣid al-sharī‘ahAbstract
The Board of Peace business agreement between Indonesia and the United States has sparked public debate, particularly due to provisions perceived as granting leniency toward halal certification requirements for products originating from the United States. This issue has quickly become sensitive, as it directly affects the interests of Muslim consumers who have long been protected under Indonesia’s halal product assurance system. This study aims to analyze the protection of Muslim consumers within the Indonesia–United States business agreement (Board of Peace), with a specific focus on halal certification clauses, and to assess their conformity with the principles of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah. This research adopts a normative juridical approach by examining relevant regulations, international business contracts, and the framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, particularly in safeguarding religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), and wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl) in the context of consumer protection. The findings reveal that halal certification clauses in international business agreements remain partial and are not yet firmly integrated into the contractual structure. In many cases, halal is treated merely as an additional attribute rather than a binding legal obligation. From the perspective of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, this condition falls short of fully achieving the objectives of Muslim consumer protection, as it does not ensure legal certainty, transparency, and accountability within the halal product supply chain. This study proposes a more comprehensive formulation of halal clauses grounded in Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, positioning halal certification as a substantive and binding element within international business contracts
References
Abdullah, W. N. W., Yang, T. A., Sifat, S. A., & Zzaman, W. (2021). Development of safe halal food management system (SHFMS). Food Control, 127, 108137.
Albaheth, H. E. (2025). Cybercrime Risks in Cross-Border Investment Contracts: Legal Challenges and Regulatory Responses in Commercial and Investment Law. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 19(1), 138–153.
Ali, M. H., Tan, K. H., & Ismail, M. D. (2017). A supply chain integrity framework for halal food. British Food Journal, 119(1), 20–38.
Anam, J., Sany Sanuri, B. M. M., & Ismail, B. L. O. (2018). Conceptualizing the relation between halal logo, perceived product quality and the role of consumer knowledge. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(4), 727–746.
Anita, K., & Sapa, N. bin. (2025). Harmonisasi Standar Sertifikasi Halal Internasional dalam Perspektif Fikih Muamalah: Analisis Diplomasi Ekonomi Halal Indonesia di Pasar Global: Harmonizing International Halal Certification Standards: A Fiqh al-Muāmalāt Perspective on Indonesia’s Halal Economic Diplomacy in Global Markets. AL-KHIYAR: Jurnal Bidang Muamalah Dan Ekonomi Islam, 5(2), 260–278. https://doi.org/10.36701/al-khiyar.v5i2.2333
Anshori, T. (2020). MENUJU FIQIH PROGRESIF (Fiqih Modern Berdasarkan Maqashid Al Syariah Perspektif Jaser Auda). Al-Syakhsiyyah: Journal of Law & Family Studies, 2(1), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.21154/syakhsiyyah.v2i1.2166
Arifin, M. R., Raharja, B. S., & Nugroho, A. (2023). Do young Muslim choose differently? Identifying consumer behavior in Halal industry. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 14(4), 1032–1057.
Asmawi, M., & Lutfiadi, A. (2026). Challenges Implementing Indonesia ’ s Halal Product Guarantee Law for MSMEs: Legal Readiness Review. Jurnal Halal Center, 1(1), 125–142.
Aufi, I., Julian, F. A., Maulidizen, A., Ariaputra, R. F., & Fauzan, M. (2024). The role of certification standards in shaping halal supply chain practices: A qualitative literature review. Journal of Islamic Law and Legal Studies, 1(2), 78–91.
Bahrudin, M., Iqbal, M., Saefurrohman, G. U., & Walsh, J. (2024). Halal food industry: Reinforcing the Halal Product Assurance Organizing Body (bpjph) in the development of the among urban Muslim community in Indonesia. Akademika: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 29(1), 61–72.
bin Lahuri, S., Pranoto, M. R., Kamaluddin, I., Syamsuri, S., Cahyo, E. N., & Yusuf, M. (2025). Halal Certification Governance in Indonesia: An Islamic Legal Appraisal Based on Maṣlaḥah Principles. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 24(2), 233–247.
Bonne, K., & Verbeke, W. (2008). Religious values informing halal meat production and the control and delivery of halal credence quality. Agriculture and Human values, 25(1), 35–47.
Bpjph. (2026a). Pasar Halal Tembus Rp20.000 Triliun, Kepala BPJPH: Peluang Market yang Harus Kita Ambil 08. bpjph.halal.go.id.
Bpjph. (2026b). Produk Bersertifikat Halal Tembus 9,6 Juta, BPJPH Terus Intensifkan Kolaborasi Dalam & Luar Negeri 09. bpjph.halal.go.id.
Bukhari, S. H. F. (2023). Purity and Protection Islamic Standards in Halal Certification and Food Safety. Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities, 7(3), 66–73.
Cahyaningrum1, P. A., Fatwa, N., & Al Asyhar, T. (2026). Is Indonesia’s Self-Declare Halal Certification Model Globally Acceptable? Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies 2025 (ICSGS 2025), 63.
Charity, M. L. (2018). JAMINAN PRODUK HALAL DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 14(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v14i1.77
Chukwugozie, D. C., Njoagwuani, E. I., David, K., Okonji, B. A., Milovanova, N., Akinsemolu, A. A., Mazi, I. M., Onyeaka, H., Winnall, L., & Ghosh, S. (2024). Combatting food fraud IN SUB-SAHARAN Africa: Strategies for Strengthened safety and security. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 150, 104575.
Dahlala, N. M., Noha, C. N. C., & Saniff, S. M. (2024). Harmonising Food Safety and Friendly Service through Halal and Toyyib Principles. HalalSpare, 4(1).
Dewi, R. C. K., Anam, M. C., & Nufitasari, D. (2024). The Implementation of Halal Certification on Imported Agricultural Food Products and Their Relation to International Trade: -. YUSTISIA MERDEKA : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 10(2), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.33319/yume.v10i2.298
Fadhillah, A. A., & Saputra, R. (2025). Systematic review: Comparison of halal regulations in Asia. Journal of Halal Science and Research, 6, 134–146. https://doi.org/10.12928/jhsr.v6i2.12111
Gateway, S. (t.t.). State of the Global Islamic Economy (SGIE) 2024/25 Report. Salaam Gateway - Global Islamic Economy Gateway. Diambil 6 Agustus 2025, dari https://salaamgateway.com/specialcoverage/SGIE24
Geofani, J. B., Sanusi, & Rakhmatullah, B. R. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Konsumen Muslim Dalam Mendapatkan Jaminan Produk Halal Atas Transaksi secara Online. Jurnal Bisnis Dan Manajemen (JURBISMAN), 2(1), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.61930/jurbisman.v2i1.554
Habibi, M., Nisa, E. K., & Alamsyah, D. R. A. (2025). Perlindungan Konsumen Muslim Melalui Jaminan Produk Halal Di Indonesia. Ekosiana Jurnal Ekonomi Syari Ah, 12(2), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.47077/ekosiana.v12i2.590
Hakim, M. F. (2023). GLOBALISASI & IDENTITAS NASIONAL: KONFIGURASI STANDAR HALAL INTERNASIONAL & NASIONAL DI DUNIA ISLAM DALAM TINJAUAN RELASIONAL-INTERSUBJEKTIF: CONFIGURATION OF INTERNATIONAL & NATIONAL HALAL STANDARDS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD IN RELATIONAL-INTERSUBJECTIVE APPROACH. Jisiera: The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations, 6(2), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10029307
Hasna, A. (2025). Potensi Industri Halal Indonesia dalam Peta Ekonomi Syariah Global. Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 2(1), 1–20.
Hermawan, A. (2020). Consumer protection perception of halal food products in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 235–246.
Highlights, K. (2024). Dinamika Industrialisasi UMKM Halal di Indonesia Dinamika Industrialisasi UMKM Halal di Indonesia.
Hilme, S. I., Raffi, R. M., Sultan, I., Ali, S., & Darussalam, B. (2024). Maqasid approach and shariah rules towards halal industry. Journal of Halal Science, Industry, and Business, 2(2), 1–14.
Hulwati, H., Fadhlan, A., Zein, M. N. M., Mujiono, S., Ulhaq, M. D., & Wulandari, C. (2025). Navigating Halal Certification Standards: A Comparative Analysis Of The Food Industry In Indonesia And Malaysia. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 30(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol30no1.619
Indonesia Kokoh di Peringkat Tiga Ekonomi Syariah Global, Perkuat Posisi Sebagai Pemain Kunci Dunia. (t.t.). Diambil 1 Mei 2026, dari https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/informasi-publik/publikasi/berita-utama/Indonesia-Peringkat-Tiga-Ekonomi-Syariah-Global
Janah, N. N., Hikmah, N., & Mustofa, I. (2025). Peran Lembaga Sertifikasi Halal Dalam Memastikan Kepercayaan Konsumen: Studi Multi-Situs Di Indonesia. 9(7), 132–147.
Janah, N. N., & Yazid, M. (2024). The role of halal certification bodies in ensuring consumer confidence: A multi-site study in Indonesia. Al Ahkam, 20(2), 218–235.
Jubaedah, D., Nor, M. R. M., Taeali, A., Putra, H. M., Jauhari, M. A., & Aniq, A. F. (2023). Halal certification in indonesia: Study of Law Number 6 of 2023 on Job Creation. Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syariah, 14(1), 154–184.
Latif, M. A. (2020). Halal International Standards and Certification. Dalam The Halal Food Handbook (hlm. 205–226). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118823026.ch14
Lestari, G. P., Salsabila, Rinjani, S. P., & Marlina, L. (2025). Peran Sertifikasi Halal dalam Menjamin Kepercayaan Konsumen Global. Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JEMB), 3(2), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.62017/jemb.v3i2.5923
Lutfika, E., Kusnandar, F., & Hunaefi, D. (2022). Comparative Analysis and Harmonization of Global Halal Standards. International Journal of Halal Research, 4(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijhr.4.1.29-39.2022
Mahliza, F., & Aditantri, R. (2022). Consumption behavior of halal cosmetic products: The mediating role of trust on the effect of halal certification on purchase intention. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 5(1), 228–239.
Mares, R. (2010). The limits of supply chain responsibility: A critical analysis of corporate responsibility instruments. Nordic Journal of International Law, 79(2), 193–244.
Mashuri, A., & Sapa, N. bin. (2026). Sertifikasi Halal dalam Perdagangan Internasional: Analisis Maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, Rezim Perdagangan Global, dan Strategi Penguatan Industri Halal Indonesia: Halal Certification in International Trade: Analysis of Maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, Global Trade Regime, and Strategy for Strengthening the Indonesian Halal Industry. LITERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mutidisiplin, 3(1), 9–20.
Masri, E., Irianto, S., Masriani, Y. T., & Falah, S. M. S. (2025). Halal Product Assurance as Legal Protection for Muslim Consumers in Indonesia. Al-Ahkam, 35(1), 205–234. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2025.35.1.26384
Maulana, M., Sapa, N. B., Galib, M., & Muthiadin, C. (2025). Proses Sertifikasi Halal di Indonesia dari Perspektif Regulator dan Praktisi Industri. Muttaqien; Indonesian Journal of Multidiciplinary Islamic Studies, 6(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.52593/mtq.06.1.01
Mawardi, F., & Insani, A. N. (2026). Manajemen Peternakan Berbasis Maqāṣid al-Syari ‘ah: Upaya Mewujudkan Keamanan Pangan dan Kesejahteraan Umat (Farm Management Based on Maqāṣid al-Shari’ah: An Effort to Realize Food Security and Community Well-being). Jurnal Peternakan Lokal, 8(1), 33–44.
M.Hum, Z., S. Hi. (2017). Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen. Prenada Media.
Mohamed, Y. H., Abdul Rahim, A. R., & Ma’aram, A. (2021). The effect of halal supply chain management on halal integrity assurance for the food industry in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(9), 1734–1750.
Naila, N., Risma, R., Utari, D. P., Widyaningtias, A. A., & Marlina, L. (2025). Implikasi Standar Sertifikasi Halal Internasional terhadap Perdagangan Global Indonesia pada Produk Halal. JURNAL RISET MANAJEMEN DAN EKONOMI (JRIME), 3(4), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.54066/jrime.v3i4.3564
Najla, N., & Huda, N. (2025). Halal certification policies in OIC and non-OIC countries: A comparative analysis of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. Journal of Halal Product and Research, 8(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.20473/jhpr.vol.8-issue.1.60-74
Nasik, K., Ardyansyah, F., Musadad, A., Nahidloh, S., Pujiati, T., & Zahro, U. I. (2026). A MAQASID AL-SYARĪ’AH BASED EVALUATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS IN HALAL CERTIFICATION IMPLEMENTATION: EVIDENCE FROM SUMENEP. Hakam: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam dan Hukum Ekonomi Islam, 10(1).
Nazari, N. N. M., Bakar, E. A., & Arif, A. M. M. (2023). Consumer protection against the false description of halal in e-commerce. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 14(2), 657–675.
[email protected], N. C. A.-. (2026, Februari 23). Sertifikasi Halal bagi Produk AS Jadi Sorotan, Bagaimana Duduk Soalnya? Kompas.id. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/sertifikasi-halal-bagi-produk-as-jadi-sorotan-bagaimana-duduk-soalnya
Nopriansyah, W., Muntazhor, A. W., Chantika, Z., Choiriyah, C., & Meriyati, M. (2025). Halal Certification for MSMES: Protection of The Five Basic Aspects of Life (Ad-Dharuriyyah Al-Khamsah) and Strategies to Strengthen Its Implementation. istinbath, 24(1), 155–170.
Prayuti, Y. (2020). Muslim food consumer protection through the regulation of halal labels in Indonesia. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 8(1), 17.
Priantina, A., & Sapian, S. M. (2023). Sertifikasi Halal di Indonesia: Dari Voluntary menjadi Mandatory. Tasyri’ : Journal of Islamic Law, 2(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.53038/tsyr.v2i1.48
Purnomo, B. R., Ikawati, R., & Erwanto, Y. (2026). Halal certification boosts ratings, not sales: Signalling theory and MSME modernization in Indonesia’s digital food ecosystem. British Food Journal, 1–20.
Rachman, A. (2020). Halal Branding; A Religious Doctrine in the Development of Islamic Da’wah. Journal of Digital Marketing and Halal Industry, 2(2), 133. https://doi.org/10.21580/jdmhi.2020.2.2.6149
Rachman, A., Maemunah, M., & Ulpah, M. (2022). DESAIN BARU LOGO HALAL BADAN PENYELENGGARA JAMINAN PRODUK HALAL; ANTARA URGENSI, SENI, DAN ESENSI. El-Buhuth: Borneo Journal of Islamic Studies, 245–262. https://doi.org/10.21093/el-buhuth.v0i0.4700
Respons Kesepakatan Dagang RI-AS Soal Sertifikasi Halal, LPPOM Minta Pemerintah tak Tunduk. (t.t.). MUI - Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Diambil 1 Mei 2026, dari https://mui.or.id/baca/berita/respons-kesepakatan-dagang-ri-as-soal-sertifikasi-halal-lppom-minta-pemerintah-tak-tunduk
RI, S. J. M. (t.t.). HNW: Perjanjian Dagang AS Harus Tunduk pada UU Jaminan Produk Halal yang Berlaku di Indonesia. mpr.go.id. Diambil 1 Mei 2026, dari https://www.mpr.go.id/berita/hidayat-nur-wahid-soal-perjanjian-dagang-as
Rofi’ah, K., Safira, M. E., & Rosele, M. I. (2024). The effectiveness of accelerating halal product certification: Regulations and companions. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4(2), 449–476.
Sahhari, A. S. A., Azmi, L. K., Razi, R. F., Mukti, K. W., & Hidayatullah, I. (2025). Balancing Regulatory Efficiency and Halal Integrity: A Governance Analysis of Indonesia’s Self-Declaration System in Halal Certification. JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA, 15(1), 153–172.
Said, M., & Haq, I. (2026). Settlement of Sharia Economic Disputes through the Al-Shulhu Approach: A Case Study of Default in Murabahah Contracts in Indonesia. International Journal of Sharia and Law, 2(1), 1–18.
Saviera, L. (2024a). Sertifikasi Halal Produk Pangan Impor: Analisis Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen. Law, Development and Justice Review, 7, 192–212. https://doi.org/10.14710/ldjr.7.2024.192-212
Saviera, L. (2024b). Sertifikasi Halal Produk Pangan Impor: Analisis Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen. Law, Development and Justice Review, 7(3), 192–212.
Sayogo, D. S. (2018). Online traceability for halal product information: Perceptions of Muslim consumers in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(1), 99–116.
Semeran, N. F. A., Othman, M. R., & Borhan, F. P. (2025). A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR MITIGATING HALAL NON-CONFORMANCES IN MICRO INDUSTRIES: THE PARFIE MODEL. Journal of Islamic, 10(76), 369–383.
Simamora, N. (2026). Polemik Perjanjian Dagang RI – AS , Ancaman bagi Konsumen Muslim dan Industri Halal. kontan.co.id.
Subagyono, B. S. A., Usanti, T. P., Chumaida, Z. V., Silvia, F., & Aryatie, I. R. (2020). Perlindungan Konsumen Muslim atas Produk Halal. Perspektif Hukum, 306–327. https://doi.org/10.30649/ph.v20i2.82
Suhartini, E., Hertiani, E., Djuniarsono, R., Rumatiga, H., & PM, N. S. (2024). Analysis of halal certification for micro and small business actors from the perspective of maslahah principles and legal certainty. Al-’Adalah, 21(2), 401–426.
Suriyadi, Nur, M. A., & Mutmainnah. (2025). LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES ON HALAL CERTIFICATION OBLIGATIONS. El-Iqtishady: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 7, 933–944. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2023.14.2.10.934
Umami, U., & Ghofur, A. (2022). Human Rights in Maqāṣid al -S harī ’ ah al—Ā mmah: A Perspective of Ibn ‘ Āshūr As known that the beginning of globalization in the eighties has risen many the concept of human rights has not been universal. 2 For example , the issue of Vanuatu ’ s cr. Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum, 32(1), 87–108.
Urus, N. S. T., Azzis, N. M. A., Roslan, E. S., & Affendi, S. N. Y. S. N. (2025). Global Recognition of Halal Certification: A Fundamental, Innovative, and International Paradigm for Ensuring Integrity and Enhancing Competitiveness in the Global Halal Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(9), 304–314.
Urus, N. S. T., Azzis, N. M. A., & Syafina, E. (2025). Global Recognition of Halal Certification: A Fundamental, Innovative, and International Paradigm for Ensuring Integrity and Enhancing Competitiveness in the Global Halal Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(9), 304–314.
Usman, H., Chairy, C., & Projo, N. W. K. (2022). Impact of Muslim decision-making style and religiosity on intention to purchasing certified halal food. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(11), 2268–2289.
Usman, H., Projo, N. W. K., Chairy, C., & Haque, M. G. (2024). The role of trust and perceived risk on Muslim behavior in buying halal-certified food. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(7), 1902–1921.
UtrizaYakin, A., Christians, L.-L., & Dupret, B. (2021). Rethinking halal: Critical perspective on halal markets and certification. Rethink. Halal, 1.
Wahab, A., & Mahdiya, I. (2026). Reconceptualizing halal industry governance in the digital economy: A maqasid al-Sharia based legal framework. Journal of Islamic Law on Digital Economy and Business, 1(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.20885/JILDEB.vol1.iss2.art4
Wahyuningtyas, P. (t.t.). Bunyi Klausul Produk Halal di Perjanjian Dagang Indonesia-AS. tirto.id. Diambil 1 Mei 2026, dari https://tirto.id/bunyi-klausul-produk-halal-di-perjanjian-dagang-indonesia-as-hrrH
Wajdi, F. (2019). Jaminan produk halal di Indonesia: Urgensi sertifikasi dan labelisasi halal. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Yakub, A., & Zein, F. (2022). Halal Certification in Government and Non-Governmental Organizations: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 10. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v10i1.25747
Yuanitasari, D., Sardjono, A., & Susetyo, H. (2024). The Implications of Halal Regulations in Indonesia: A Consumer Protection’s Legal Perspective. PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW), 11(3), 385–404.
Yunita, D., & Sari, V. (2025). Halal Certification , Legal Awareness , and Maqasid al-Shariah among Fried Chicken MSMEs in Indonesia. 17(2).
Yusof, M. S., Ibrahim, N. Z. M., & Othman, A. A. (2026). ADVANCING HALAL SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION TRANSPARENCY AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE. Veredas do Direito, 23(4), e234736–e234736.
Yustianingsih, L., Mufid, A., Maifiah, M. H. M., & Gunawan, S. (2024). Comparison Study of Halal Management System in Indonesia and Malaysia. Halal Research Journal, 4(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.12962/j22759970.v4i1.1027
Zafar, M. B., & Abu-Hussin, M. F. (2025). Halal purchasing decisions and consumer behavior: A multi method review. Journal of Islamic Marketing.
Zulfa, E. A., Ismail, T. Q., Hayatullah, I. K., & Fitriana, A. (2023). Regulation and law enforcement on the protection of halal products in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2), 2273344.
